Liphetoho tse tsamaellanang le boemo ba leholimo linthong tse kenang metsing a hloekileng li bontšitsoe ho ama sebopeho le tšebetso ea tikoloho ea lebopo. Re ile ra lekola liphetoho tšusumetsong ea ho phalla ha noka tsamaisong ea lebopo la Northwestern Patagonia (NWP) lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena (1993-2021) ka tlhahlobo e kopaneng ea letoto la nako e telele ea phallo ea metsi, ketsiso ea metsi, lintlha tse nkiloeng ka sathelaete le tlhahlobo e ncha mabapi le maemo a holim'a leoatle (thempereichara, moferefere, le letsoai). Ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha metsi a phallang ho pholletsa le sebaka se pakeng tsa linoka tse tšeletseng tse kholo ho ile ha bonahala sekala sa beke le beke, khoeli le khoeli le ka linako tsa selemo. Liphetoho tsena li bonahala haholo libakeng tse ka leboea tsa puso e tsoakaneng (mohlala, Puelo River) empa li bonahala li ntse li tsoela pele ho leba boroa ho linoka tse khetholloang ke puso ea nival. Leoatleng le ka hare le nang le mekhahlelo e 'meli, metsi a fokotsehileng a kenang metsing a lumellana le halocline e sa tebang le mocheso o eketsehileng oa holim'a metsi ho pholletsa le Patagonia e ka leboea. Liphetho tsa rona li totobatsa tšusumetso e ntseng e fetoha ka potlako ea linōka sebakeng se haufi sa maoatle le metsing a lebopo ho NWP. Re totobatsa tlhokeho ea ho sheba, ho bolela esale pele, maano a phokotso le ho ikamahanya le maemo maemong a leholimo a fetohang, hammoho le taolo e lumellanang le maemo a tsamaiso e fanang ka phallo ea metsi metsing a leoatle a lebopong la leoatle.
Linoka ke mohloli oa mantlha oa ho kenya metsi a hloekileng kontinenteng maoatleng1. Lits'ebetsong tsa mabopo a koaletsoeng, linōka ke mokhanni oa bohlokoa oa mekhoa ea ho potoloha2 le borokho bo pakeng tsa tikoloho ea lefatše le ea leoatleng, ho tsamaisa limatlafatsi, lintho tse phelang, le lihlahisoa tse tlatselletsang tse tsoang lebōpong la leoatle le leoatle le bulehileng3. Liphuputso tsa morao-rao li tlalehile liphetoho tsa molumo le nako ea metsi a hloekileng leoatleng la leoatle4. Litlhahlobo tsa letoto la nako le mehlala ea hydrological li bonts'a mekhoa e fapaneng ea sebaka sa marang-rang5, ho tloha, ka mohlala, ho tloha ho eketseha ho matla ha metsi a hloekileng sebakeng se phahameng sa latitudes6-ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha leqhoa le qhibilihang-ho ea ho ho fokotseha ha mekhoa bohareng ba latitudes ka lebaka la komello e eketsehileng ea metsi7. Ho sa tsotelehe tataiso le boholo ba litloaelo tse tlalehiloeng morao tjena, phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo e khethiloe e le mokhanni o moholo oa mebuso e fetotsoeng ea metsi8, athe litlamorao metsing a lebopo le tikoloho eo li e tšehetsang li e-so hlahlojoe le ho utloisisoa ka botlalo9. Liphetoho tsa nakoana phallong ea metsi, tse susumetsoang ke phetoho ea maemo a leholimo (ho fetola maemo a pula le mocheso o ntseng o phahama) le likhatello tsa anthropogenic tse kang matamo kapa matamo a fepelang motlakase ka metsi10,11, liphaello tsa ho nosetsa, le liphetoho tsa tšebeliso ea mobu12, li hlahisa phephetso ea ho hlahloba mekhoa ea ho kenya metsi a hloekileng13,14. Ka mohlala, liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore libaka tse nang le mefuta e mengata ea meru li bonts'a botsitso bo boholo ba tikoloho nakong ea komello ho feta tse laoloang ke masimo a meru kapa temo15,16. Bohareng ba latitudes, ho utloisisa litlamorao tsa phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo nakong e tlang leoatleng la lebopo la leoatle ka ho arola litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le litšitiso tsa lehae tsa anthropogenic ho hloka tlhokomeliso ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tse nang le phetoho e fokolang e le hore liphetoho tsa puso ea metsi li ka arohanngoa le litšitiso tsa lehae tsa batho.
Patagonia Bophirimela (> 41°S lebopong la Pacific la Amerika Boroa) e hlaha e le e 'ngoe ea libaka tsena tse sirelelitsoeng hantle, moo lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele li leng bohlokoa ho beha leihlo le ho sireletsa tikoloho ena. Sebakeng sena, linōka tse phallang ka bolokolohi li sebelisana le geomorphology e rarahaneng ea lebopong ho bopa e 'ngoe ea libaka tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng17,18. Ka lebaka la bohole ba tsona, liphula tsa noka tsa Patagonia li lula li sa khathatsoa ka mokhoa o makatsang, li na le meru e phahameng ea tlhaho19, palo e tlase ea batho, 'me ka kakaretso ha e na matamo, matamo le lisebelisoa tsa ho nosetsa. Ho ba kotsing ha tikoloho ena e lebopong la leoatle liphetohong tsa tikoloho ho itšetlehile haholo-holo, ka ho atolosa, ho sebelisana ha tsona le mehloli ea metsi a hloekileng. Metsi a metsi a macha metsing a lebopo la Northwestern Patagonia (NWP; 41–46 ºS), ho kenyeletsoa le pula e tobileng le ho phalla ha noka, a sebelisana le bongata ba metsi a leoatle, haholo-holo a letsoai le phahameng la Subantarctic Water (SAAW). Sena, ka lehlakoreng le leng, se susumetsa mekhoa ea ho potoloha, ho nchafatsa metsi, le moea oa moea20 ka ho hlahisa likhahla tse matla tsa letsoai, tse nang le phapang e phahameng ea linako tsa selemo le ho fapana ha sebaka ho halocline21. Tšebelisano pakeng tsa mehloli ena e 'meli ea metsi e boetse e susumetsa ho hlophisoa ha metse ea planktonic22, e ama khanya ea leseli23,' me e lebisa ho fokotseha ha likhahla tsa Nitrogen le Phosphorus ho SAAW24 le phepelo e ntlafetseng ea orthosilicate karolong e ka holimo ea 25,26. Ho feta moo, ho kenngoa ha metsi a hloekileng ho etsa hore ho be le sekhahla se matla sa oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng (DO) metsing ana a estuarine, 'me karolo e ka holimo e atisa ho bontša khatello e phahameng ea DO (6-8 mL L-1)27.
Boitshunyako bo batlang bo lekanyeditswe bo hlalosang mabadi a kontinente ya Patagonia bo fapana le tshebediso e matla ya lebopo la lewatle, haholo ke indasteri ya temo ya metsing, lekala la bohlokwa la moruo naheng ya Chile. Hajoale e behiloe har'a bahlahisi ba phahameng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ba temo ea metsing, Chile ke ea bobeli ho tse kholo ka ho fetisisa kantle ho naha ea litlhapi tsa salmon le trout, hape ke morekisi e moholo ka ho fetisisa oa li-mussels28. Temo ea salmon le mussel, eo hajoale e leng k. 2300 libaka tsa tumello tse nang le kakaretso ea sebaka sa ca. Lihekthere tse 24,000 sebakeng sena, li hlahisa boleng bo bongata ba moruo karolong e ka boroa ea Chile29. Tsoelopele ena ha e na litlamorao tsa tikoloho, haholo-holo tabeng ea temo ea litlhapi tsa salmon, e leng ketsahalo e tlatsetsang ka limatlafatsi tse tsoang kantle ho tikoloho ena30. E boetse e bontšitsoe hore e kotsing haholo ho liphetoho tse amanang le boemo ba leholimo31,32.
Lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena, liphuputso tse entsoeng ho NWP li tlalehile ho theoha ha metsi a hloekileng33 le ho bontša phokotseho ea phallo ea metsi nakong ea lehlabula le hoetla34, hammoho le ho lelefatsa komello ea metsi35. Liphetoho tsena tse kenyang metsi a hloekileng li susumetsa maemo a teng a tikoloho 'me li na le litlamorao tse mpe ho matla a tikoloho a pharaletseng. Ka mohlala, maemo a feteletseng a holim'a metsi a lebōpong la leoatle nakong ea komello ea lehlabula-hoetla e fetohile khafetsa, 'me, maemong a mang, a amme indasteri ea aquaculture ka hypoxia36, ho eketseha ha likokoana-hloko, le li-algal blooms tse kotsi32,37,38 (HABs).
Lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena, liphuputso tse entsoeng ho NWP li tlalehile ho theoha ha metsi a hloekileng33 le ho bontša phokotseho ea phallo ea metsi nakong ea lehlabula le hoetla34, hammoho le ho lelefatsa komello ea metsi35. Liphetoho tsena tse kenyang metsi a hloekileng li susumetsa maemo a teng a tikoloho 'me li na le litlamorao tse mpe ho matla a tikoloho a pharaletseng. Ka mohlala, maemo a feteletseng a holim'a metsi a lebōpong la leoatle nakong ea komello ea lehlabula-hoetla e fetohile khafetsa, 'me, maemong a mang, a amme indasteri ea aquaculture ka hypoxia36, ho eketseha ha likokoana-hloko, le li-algal blooms tse kotsi32,37,38 (HABs).
Tsebo ea hona joale mabapi le ho fokotseha ha metsi a hloekileng ho pholletsa le NWP e theiloe holim'a tlhahlobo ea metrics ea metsi39, e hlalosang lipalo-palo kapa matla a matla a letoto la lintlha tsa hydrologic tse nkiloeng ho palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea lirekoto tsa nako e telele le tšireletso e fokolang ea sebaka. Mabapi le maemo a tsamaelanang a hydrographic metsing a noka ea NWP kapa maoatle a haufi a lebopo, ha ho na lirekoto tsa nako e telele tsa in-situ. Ka lebaka la bofokoli ba mesebetsi ea moruo oa kahisano ea lebopong ho litlamorao tsa phetoho ea tlelaemete, ho bohlokoa ho amohela mokhoa o felletseng oa khokahanyo ea lefatše le leoatle ho taolo le ho ikamahanya le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo ho bohlokoa40. Ho sebetsana le phephetso ena, re kopantse mohlala oa hydrological (1990-2020) le data e nkiloeng ka sathelaete le tlhahlobo e ncha mabapi le maemo a holim'a leoatle (1993-2020). Mokhoa ona o na le lipakane tse peli tse kholo: (1) ho hlahloba mekhoa ea histori ea metrics ea metsi ka tekanyo ea libaka le (2) ho hlahloba liphello tsa liphetoho tsena bakeng sa tsamaiso e haufi le lebōpo la leoatle, haholo-holo mabapi le letsoai le holim'a leoatle, mocheso le moferefere.
Re ka fana ka mefuta e fapaneng ea li-sensor tse bohlale ho lekola hydrology le boleng ba metsi, re amohelehile ho buisana.
Nako ea poso: Sep-18-2024