Liphetoho tse susumetsoang ke boemo ba leholimo linthong tse kenang metsing a hloekileng li bontšitsoe li ama sebopeho le ts'ebetso ea tikoloho ea lebopong. Re hlahlobile liphetoho tšusumetsong ea metsi a phallang a linoka lits'ebetsong tsa lebopong la Northwestern Patagonia (NWP) lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena (1993–2021) ka tlhahlobo e kopaneng ea letoto la nako ea phallo ea metsi a phallang, ketsiso ea metsi, data e tsoang ho sathelaete le tlhahlobo-leseling mabapi le maemo a holim'a leoatle (mocheso, mongobo, le letsoai). Phokotso e kholo ea phallo e fokolang ea metsi a phallang sebakeng se akaretsang mabota a maholo a tšeletseng a linoka e ne e bonahala ka sekala sa beke le beke, khoeli le khoeli le sehla. Liphetoho tsena li 'nile tsa hlahella haholo maboteng a leboea a kopaneng (mohlala, Noka ea Puelo) empa li bonahala li ntse li tsoela pele ho ea boroa ho ea linōkeng tse khetholloang ke puso ea nival. Leoatleng le ka hare la mekhahlelo e 'meli le haufi, tlhahiso e fokotsehileng ea metsi a hloekileng e tsamaellana le halocline e sa tebang le mocheso o eketsehileng oa holim'a metsi a leoatle a haufi le Patagonia. Liphetho tsa rona li totobatsa tšusumetso e fetohang ka potlako ea linoka metsing a haufi a noka le a lebopong la NWP. Re totobatsa tlhoko ea ho shebella tikoloho e fapaneng, ho bolela esale pele, ho fokotsa le ho ikamahanya le maemo a leholimo a fetohang, hammoho le taolo e tsamaellanang ea libaka tse feto-fetohang tsa litsamaiso tse fanang ka metsi a phallang metsing a leoatle a lebopong.
Linoka ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa phepelo ea metsi a hloekileng a kontinenteng maoatleng1. Litsamaisong tsa lebopong tse koetsoeng hanyane, linoka ke mokhanni oa bohlokoa oa lits'ebetso tsa potoloho2 le borokho bo pakeng tsa tikoloho ea lefatše le ea leoatle, e tsamaisang limatlafatsi, lintho tse phelang le marotholi a tlatselletsang tse tsoang lebopong le leoatleng le bulehileng3. Lithuto tsa morao tjena li tlalehile liphetoho bophahamong le nako ea tlhahiso ea metsi a hloekileng leoatleng la lebopong4. Litlhahlobo tsa letoto la nako le mehlala ea metsi li bontša mekhoa e fapaneng ea sebaka5, ho tloha, mohlala, ho tloha keketsehong e matla ea ho ntšoa ha metsi a hloekileng libakeng tse phahameng6—ka lebaka la ho qhibiliha ha leqhoa ho eketsehileng—ho ea ho mekhoa e fokotsehang libakeng tse bohareng ka lebaka la komello e eketsehileng ea metsi7. Ho sa tsotelehe tataiso le boholo ba mekhoa e tlalehiloeng haufinyane, phetoho ea tlelaemete e khethollotsoe e le sesosa se seholo sa mekhoa e fetotsoeng ea metsi8, ha litlamorao metsing a lebopong le tikolohong eo li e tšehetsang li e-so hlahlojoe ka botlalo le ho utloisisoa9. Liphetoho tsa nakoana phallong ea metsi, tse susumetsoang ke phetoho ea tlelaemete (mekhoa e fetohang ea pula le ho phahama ha mocheso) le likhatello tse bakoang ke batho tse kang matamo a motlakase oa metsi kapa matamo a metsi10,11, ho fapoha ha nosetso, le liphetoho tsa tšebeliso ea mobu12, li baka phephetso ea ho sekaseka mekhoa ea ho kenya metsi a hloekileng13,14. Mohlala, lithuto tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore libaka tse nang le mefuta e mengata ea meru li bontša ho mamella tikoloho haholo nakong ea komello ho feta tse laoloang ke masimo a meru kapa temo15,16. Bohareng ba latitudes, ho utloisisa litlamorao tsa phetoho ea tlelaemete nakong e tlang leoatleng la lebopong ka ho arola liphello tsa phetoho ea tlelaemete le litšitiso tsa batho ba sebakeng seo ho hloka hore ho eloe hloko ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tsa litšupiso tse nang le liphetoho tse fokolang e le hore liphetoho tsamaisong ea metsi li ka aroloa ho litšitiso tsa batho ba sebakeng seo.
Patagonia e ka Bophirima (> 41°S lebopong la Pacific la Amerika Borwa) e hlahella e le e 'ngoe ea libaka tsena tse bolokiloeng hantle, moo lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele li leng bohlokoa ho beha leihlo le ho sireletsa tikoloho ena. Sebakeng sena, linoka tse phallang ka bolokolohi li sebelisana le geomorphology e rarahaneng ea lebopong ho bopa e 'ngoe ea libaka tse kholo tse pharaletseng lefatšeng. 17,18. Ka lebaka la ho ba hole ha tsona, mabopo a linoka a Patagonia a ntse a sa sitisoe ka mokhoa o makatsang, ka sekoahelo se phahameng sa meru ea tlhaho19, bongata bo tlase ba baahi ba batho, 'me ka kakaretso ha ho na matamo, matamo a metsi le meralo ea motheo ea nosetso. Ho ba kotsing ha tikoloho ena ea lebopong ho liphetoho tsa tikoloho ho itšetlehile haholo-holo, ka ho atolosoa, ka tšebelisano ea tsona le mehloli ea metsi a hloekileng. Metsi a hloekileng a kenang metsing a lebopong la Northwestern Patagonia (NWP; 41–46 ºS), ho kenyeletsoa pula e tobileng le metsi a phallang ka noka, a sebelisana le metsi a leoatle, haholo-holo Metsi a Subantarctic a nang le letsoai le phahameng (SAAW). Sena, le sona, se susumetsa mekhoa ea potoloho, ntjhafatso ea metsi, le moea o kenang20 ka ho hlahisa li-gradient tse matla tsa letsoai, ka tekanyo e phahameng ea phapang ea linako tsa selemo le ho se tšoane ha sebaka ka har'a halocline21. Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa mehloli ena e 'meli ea metsi e boetse e susumetsa sebopeho sa lichaba tsa planktonic22, e ama ho fokotseha ha leseli23, 'me e lebisa ho fokotseng mahloriso a Naetrojene le Phosphorus ka har'a SAAW24 le phepelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea orthosilicate ka har'a lera la holim'a metsi25,26. Ho feta moo, ho kenngoa ha metsi a hloekileng ho fella ka gradient e matla e otlolohileng ea oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng (DO) metsing ana a estuarine, 'me lera le ka holimo ka kakaretso le bontša mahloriso a phahameng a DO (6–8 mL L−1)27.
Ts'ebetso e fokolang e khethollang libaka tsa kontinente tsa Patagonia e fapana le ts'ebeliso e matla ea lebopong la leoatle, haholo-holo ke indasteri ea temo ea metsing, e leng lekala la bohlokoa la moruo Chile. Hona joale e behiloe har'a bahlahisi ba ka sehloohong ba temo ea metsing lefatšeng, Chile ke morekisi oa bobeli ka ho fetisisa oa salmon le trout, le morekisi e moholo ka ho fetisisa oa mussels28. Temo ea salmon le mussel, eo hajoale e nkang libaka tse ka bang 2300 tsa tumello tse nang le sebaka se felletseng sa ca. 24,000 ha sebakeng seo, e hlahisa boleng bo boholo ba moruo karolong e ka boroa ea Chile29. Nts'etsopele ena ha e na litlamorao tsa tikoloho, haholo-holo tabeng ea temo ea salmon, e leng mosebetsi o tlatsetsang ka limatlafatsi tse tsoang kantle ho tikoloho ena30. E boetse e bontšitsoe e le kotsing e kholo ea liphetoho tse amanang le tlelaemete31,32.
Lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena, lithuto tse entsoeng ho NWP li tlalehile ho fokotseha ha mehloli ea metsi a hloekileng33 'me li hakantse ho fokotseha ha phallo ea metsi a hloekileng nakong ea lehlabula le hoetla34, hammoho le ho lelefatsa nako ea komello ea metsi35. Liphetoho tsena mehloling ea metsi a hloekileng li susumetsa maemo a tikoloho a potlakileng 'me li na le litlamorao tse mpe holim'a matla a tikoloho a pharaletseng. Mohlala, maemo a feteletseng metsing a holim'a lebōpo la leoatle nakong ea komello ea lehlabula-hoetla a se a atile haholo, 'me, maemong a mang, a amme indasteri ea temo ea metsing ka hypoxia36, keketseho ea likokoana-hloko, le lipalesa tse kotsi tsa algae32,37,38 (HABs).
Lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena, lithuto tse entsoeng ho NWP li tlalehile ho fokotseha ha mehloli ea metsi a hloekileng33 'me li hakantse ho fokotseha ha phallo ea metsi a hloekileng nakong ea lehlabula le hoetla34, hammoho le ho lelefatsa nako ea komello ea metsi35. Liphetoho tsena mehloling ea metsi a hloekileng li susumetsa maemo a tikoloho a potlakileng 'me li na le litlamorao tse mpe holim'a matla a tikoloho a pharaletseng. Mohlala, maemo a feteletseng metsing a holim'a lebōpo la leoatle nakong ea komello ea lehlabula-hoetla a se a atile haholo, 'me, maemong a mang, a amme indasteri ea temo ea metsing ka hypoxia36, keketseho ea likokoana-hloko, le lipalesa tse kotsi tsa algae32,37,38 (HABs).
Tsebo ea hona joale mabapi le ho fokotseha ha mehloli ea metsi a hloekileng ho pholletsa le NWP e thehiloe tlhahlobong ea litekanyo tsa metsi39, tse hlalosang litšobotsi tsa lipalo-palo kapa tsa matla tsa letoto la lintlha tsa metsi tse nkiloeng ho tsoa palong e fokolang ea lirekoto tsa nako e telele le sebaka se fokolang sa sebaka. Ha e le maemo a tsa metsi a tsamaellanang metsing a leoatle a NWP kapa leoatle le haufi le lebōpo, ha ho na lirekoto tse fumanehang tsa nako e telele tsa sebakeng seo. Ka lebaka la ho ba kotsing ha mesebetsi ea moruo le ea kahisano ea lebopong la leoatle ho litlamorao tsa phetoho ea tlelaemete, ho amohela mokhoa o felletseng oa sebopeho sa naha le leoatle ho tsamaiso le ho ikamahanya le phetoho ea tlelaemete hoa hlokahala40. Ho sebetsana le phephetso ena, re kopantse mohlala oa metsi (1990-2020) le data e nkiloeng ka sathelaete le tlhahlobo-bocha ea maemo a holim'a leoatle (1993-2020). Mokhoa ona o na le lipheo tse peli tse kholo: (1) ho lekola mekhoa ea nalane ea litekanyo tsa metsi ka tekanyo ea libaka le (2) ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa liphetoho tsena bakeng sa sistimi e haufi ea lebopong, haholo-holo mabapi le letsoai la holim'a leoatle, mocheso le mongobo.
Re ka fana ka mefuta e fapaneng ea li-sensor tse bohlale ho lekola hydrology le boleng ba metsi, rea u amohela ho buisana le rona.
Nako ea poso: Loetse-18-2024