Boleng ba Moea ke Eng?

Moea o hloekileng o bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo bo botle, empa ho latela Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO), hoo e ka bang 99% ea baahi ba lefatše ba hema moea o fetang meeli ea bona ea tšilafalo ea moea. "Boleng ba moea ke tekanyo ea hore na ke lintho tse kae tse teng moeeng, tse akarelletsang likaroloana le litšila tse nang le khase," ho boletse Kristina Pistone, setsebi sa lipatlisiso NASA Ames Research Center. Patlisiso ea Pistone e akaretsa libaka tse peli tsa sepakapaka le boemo ba leholimo, ho tsepamisitsoe maikutlo holim'a phello ea likaroloana tsa sepakapaka ho boemo ba leholimo le maru. "Ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa boleng ba moea hobane bo ama bophelo ba hau le hore na u ka phela bophelo ba hau hantle hakae le ho tsoela pele ka letsatsi la hau," ho boletse Pistone. Re ile ra lula fatše le Pistone ho ithuta haholoanyane ka boleng ba moea le kamoo bo ka bang le phello e hlokomelehang bophelong ba batho le tikolohong.

Ke eng e etsang boleng ba moea?
Ho na le lintho tse tšeletseng tse silafatsang moea tse laoloang ke Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) United States: particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, le loto. Lintho tsena tse silafatsang li tsoa mehloling ea tlhaho, joalo ka likaroloana tse nyolohang sepakapakeng ho tsoa mollong le lerōleng la lehoatata, kapa liketsong tsa batho, tse kang ozone e hlahisoang ke khanya ea letsatsi e sebetsanang le mesi ea likoloi.

Bohlokoa ba moea ke bofe?
Boleng ba moea bo ama bophelo bo botle le boleng ba bophelo. "Joalo ka ha re hloka ho noa metsi, re hloka ho hema moea," ho boletse Pistone. "Re se re lebeletse metsi a hloekileng hobane rea utloisisa hore re a hloka hore re phele 'me re phele hantle, 'me re lokela ho lebella se tšoanang moeeng oa rona."

Boemo bo bobe ba moea bo hokahane le litlamorao tsa pelo le methapo ea kutlo ho batho. Ho pepeseha ha nakoana ho nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ka mohlala, ho ka baka matšoao a phefumoloho a kang ho khohlela le ho hema, 'me ho pepeseha ha nako e telele ho eketsa kotsi ea ho ba le mafu a matšoafo a kang asthma kapa mafu a matšoafo. Ho pepesehela ozone ho ka mpefatsa matšoafo le ho senya litsela tsa moea. Ho pepesetsoa PM2.5 (li-particulate 2.5 micrometers kapa tse nyane) ho baka ho teneha matšoafo 'me ho amahanngoa le mafu a pelo le matšoafo.

Ntle le litlamorao tsa eona ho bophelo bo botle ba batho, moea o fokolang o ka senya tikoloho, oa silafatsa metsi ka acidification le eutrophication. Mehato ena e bolaea limela, e fokolisa matsoai a mobu le ho ntša liphoofolo kotsi.

Ho Lekanya Boleng ba Moea: Index ea Boleng ba Moea (AQI)
Boleng ba moea bo tšoana le boemo ba leholimo; e ka fetoha kapele, esita le ka mor’a lihora tse seng kae feela. Ho lekanya le ho tlaleha ka boleng ba moea, EPA e sebelisa United States Air Quality Index (AQI). AQI e baloa ka ho metha e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea lintho tse tšeletseng tse silafatsang moea ka sekala ho tloha ho "E ntle" ho ea ho "Kotsi," ho hlahisa boleng ba linomoro tsa AQI tse kopantsoeng 0-500.

“Hangata ha re bua ka boleng ba moea, re re ho na le lintho tse sepakapakeng tseo re tsebang hore ha li ntle hore batho ba hema ka linako tsohle,” ho boletse Pistone. Kahoo ho ba le moea o motle, o hloka ho ba ka tlase ho moeli o itseng oa tšilafalo. Libaka tsa lefats'e ho pota-pota li sebelisa mekhoa e sa tšoaneng bakeng sa boleng ba moea o "ntle", oo hangata o itšetlehileng ka hore na ke litšila life tse lekanyang tsamaiso ea tsona. Tsamaisong ea EPA, boleng ba AQI ba 50 kapa ka tlase bo nkuoa bo lokile, athe 51-100 e nkuoa e le tekano. Boleng ba AQI pakeng tsa 100 le 150 bo nkoa bo sa phele hantle bakeng sa lihlopha tse hlokolosi, 'me litekanyetso tse phahameng ha li na bophelo bo botle ho bohle; tlhokomeliso ea bophelo bo botle e fanoa ha AQI e fihla ho 200. Boleng bofe kapa bofe bo fetang 300 bo nkuoa bo le kotsi, 'me hangata bo amahanngoa le tšilafalo ea likaroloana tse tsoang mellong e hlaha.

Lipatlisiso tsa boleng ba moea tsa NASA le lihlahisoa tsa data
Lisensara tsa boleng ba moea ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho hapa lintlha tsa boleng ba moea sebakeng sa lehae.
Ka 2022, Trace Gas Group (TGGR) Setsing sa Lipatlisiso sa NASA Ames se ile sa sebelisa Theknoloji ea Sensor Network e theko e tlaase bakeng sa ho hlahloba tšilafalo, kapa INSTEP: marang-rang a macha a lisebelisoa tsa boleng ba moea tse theko e tlaase tse lekanyang mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea litšila. Lisensara tsena li nka lintlha tsa boleng ba moea libakeng tse ling tsa California, Colorado, le Mongolia, 'me li bonahetse li le molemo bakeng sa ho beha leihlo boleng ba moea nakong ea mollo oa California.

The 2024 Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) thomo e kopantseng data ea sensor e tsoang lifofaneng, lisathelaete, le sethala se thehiloeng fatše ho lekola boleng ba moea linaheng tse 'maloa tsa Asia. Lintlha tse nkuoeng ho tsoa ho lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa maeto ana a lifofane, joalo ka Meteorological Measurement System (MMS) ho tsoa ho NASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, li sebelisetsoa ho nchafatsa limotlolo tsa boleng ba moea ho lepa le ho lekola maemo a moea.

Ka kakaretso, NASA e na le mefuta e mengata ea lisathelaete tse shebileng Lefatše le theknoloji e meng ea ho hapa le ho tlaleha lintlha tsa boleng ba moea. Ka 2023, NASA e ile ea thakhola thomo ea Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), e lekanyang boleng ba moea le tšilafalo Amerika Leboea. NASA's Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for Earth Observations (LANCE) e fana ka ponelopele ea boleng ba moea ka litekanyo tse hlophisitsoeng ho tsoa ho lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa NASA, nakong ea lihora tse tharo ho tloha ha e shebiloe.

E le hore re be le tikoloho ea boleng ba moea e phetseng hantle, re ka shebella lintlha tsa boleng ba moea ka nako ea sebele. Tse latelang ke li-sensor tse khonang ho lekanya likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boleng ba moea